NotaBene е електронно списание за философски и политически науки. Повече за нас
Abstract.French May 1968 is one of the most brilliant examples of civil protest in the modern history. For the first time in France, 10 million workers are out on the street, and within one day their number increased by one million. For the first time, the role of De Gaulle is call into question. The comprehensive study of the May events would be impossible without clarifying the role of slogans, posters and graffiti because they are one of the most authentic sources of this period and are an expression of the position of the French society as a civil society, which has ceased to be a "silent majority". The slogans weren’t "mass production" of party headquarters, but were made by the hand of the individual. Posters, created by the Popular Workshops, were an immediate response to the official position. The graffiti that filled the walls of hours were taken up by meetings and demonstrations, or embedded in posters. The purpose of this research is the study of the image of the General, established on the basis of these valuable historical documents.
Abstract. In recent years populism has become a question of present interest for both foreign and Bulgarian researchers. The paper aims to examine the following research question: How and to what extent populist situation motivates political participation in the form of a protest attitude. Here populist situation (Stefan Popov, Ivan Krystev, Petya Kabakchieva) means the context within which the motives of protest attitude would be examined. The paper draws attention to the perceptions of the absence of adequate political representation and the transformation in public sphere. The notion is based on the fact that these changes reflect the vigorous fragmentation of the society, so the common is transformed into a mechanical sum of individual demands and ideas (on concrete issues). On one hand, this decreases the options for effective collective actions; while on the other, it increases the influence of various populist trends, because populism successfully profits from the disappointment energy, rage and fear, thus transforming the latter into mobilizing power, used to oppose the political status quo through an appeal to the unappeased masses (Jean-Pierre Rioux).
Abstract. The author analyzes the first civil protest in Bulgaria from September 1987 until February 1988. It took place in Ruse and was caused by the pollution that a chemistry factory in the neighboring Romanian city of Giurgiu had constantly been producing since 1984 and Bulgarian authorities could not cope with it. The citizens of Ruse suffered not only from the pollution but also from the silence enforced on their problem in mass-media by the ruling Communist Party. Six ordinary women were encouraged, probably by the Soviet policy of “glasnost” and “perestroika”, to organize their acquaintances and friends to protest peacefully against the silence on the pollution of their town. They used formal and informal channels to persuade people and to prepare the slogans for the demonstration. Then the initiative was taken by the intellectuals from Sofia. Their activities as well as the repressions of the authorities transformed the civil protest into a political one. The role of the Soviet leader M. Gorbachov to discredit the Bulgarian leader by interfering with the Bulgarian-Romanian diplomatic debate on the pollution remained hidden for both country and capital eco-activists.
Abstract. The author analyzes the first civil protest in Bulgaria from September 1987 until February 1988. It took place in Ruse and was caused by the pollution that a chemistry factory in the neighboring Romanian city of Giurgiu had constantly been producing since 1984 and Bulgarian authorities could not cope with it. The citizens of Ruse suffered not only from the pollution but also from the silence enforced on their problem in mass-media by the ruling Communist Party. Six ordinary women were encouraged, probably by the Soviet policy of “glasnost” and “perestroika”, to organize their acquaintances and friends to protest peacefully against the silence on the pollution of their town. They used formal and informal channels to persuade people and to prepare the slogans for the demonstration. Then the initiative was taken by the intellectuals from Sofia. Their activities as well as the repressions of the authorities transformed the civil protest into a political one. The role of the Soviet leader M. Gorbachov to discredit the Bulgarian leader by interfering with the Bulgarian-Romanian diplomatic debate on the pollution remained hidden for both country and capital eco-activists.
Аз твърдя, че философски проблеми съществуват и твърдя дори, че съм решил един от тях.
Карл Попър (Попър 1998: 123)
Според известен речник думата „демаркация” (demarcaton) има сложен произход от испанска, италианска или немска дума и означава „разграничавам, полагам граница (между)”. В английския език терминът demarcaton за пръв път се появява през 1816 г., но проблемът, който назовава, е далеч по-стар. В общи линии той се свежда до въпроса как да се разграничи науката от не-науката. „Не-наука” е събирателен термин, с който обхващаме както математика, логика и метафизика, така и астрология, алхимия и френология – с други думи, всякакви псевдо-, лъже-, пара-, квази- научни възгледи и теории, които „претендират да са научни, но не са, защото имитират науката”. (Стефанов 2007: 9). За философията на науката проблемът винаги е на дневен ред и дискусиите по него продължават и днес.
Карл Попър вероятно е философът, който през двайсети век най-много е допринесъл за решаването на демаркационния проблем. Решението на Попър е в основата на неговата философия на науката, но също и на неговата социална философия (Лозев 2000). В интелектуалната си автобиография „Безкрайното търсене” Попър ни е оставил интересно описание на ситуацията, в която за първи път осъзнава значението на проблема. Той е едва седемнайсет годишен, когато присъства на изнесената от Айнщайн лекция във Виенския университет през 1919 г. Младежът излиза от лекцията зашеметен, защото по думите му тя „далеч надминаваше моите разбирания” (Попър 1998: 38), но е най-силно впечатлен от „недвусмисленото твърдение на Айнщайн, че би сметнал теорията си за несъстоятелна, ако тя не издържи на определена проверка” (Попър 1998: 39).
Макар и млад, Попър долавя колко различен е подходът и отношението на Айнщайн към собствената му теория в сравнение с позицията на Маркс, Фройд и Адлер към създадените от тях „научни” теории. Готовността на Айнщайн да приеме възможния провал на своята теория Попър не открива нито в марксизма, нито в психоанализата, нито в индивидуалната психология. Защо са така различни тези „теории”? И справедливо ли е всички тях да именуваме с термина „научна теория”?
Размислите върху тази тема ще доведат след време философа Попър до създаването на първия му, и най-важен за неговата философия на науката, труд Logik der Forschung (Логиката на научното откритие), 1935.
The paper analyses the main notions and the dynamics of Marx’s theory of religion in the light of the social spiritual and economic trends at his time, and especially as social critic, not as immanent religious critic. The analysis and the critic of religion are discussed within the framework of: the critic of the German speculative philosophy; the human production; the social relationships of alienation. This approach is placed by K. Marx within a social-historical context where the surmounting of the religious illusion involves perfecting societal relations and is linked with the rationality, transparency and humaneness of these relations. That philosophical trend strives to embody the transcendent in the immanent not only in thought but in reality as well. On this basis concrete practices are proposed for implementing this process: in the case of Marx this is the attainment of transparency and rationality in social relationships through scientific and technological progress and revolutionary change. The diversity of theoretical attitudes to the Marx’s theory and method and their influence are emphasized: M.Weber, E.Fromm, P.Tillich, S.Freud, etc.
Key words: Marx, religion, materialist philosophy, capitalism, alienation, social critic.
Abstract
The paper goal is to deliver a comment on the specifics of Schopenhauer’s idea of knowledge and the separation between the gnoseological knowledge and the knowledge of the pure subject. Accordingly, while referring to this problem, this paper will be exploring the idea of mediation of the knowledge of pure subject. In its essence the gnoseological knowledge, as described by Schopenhauer, is representation. In this sense, it is a subject to the a priori principle of sufficient reason and therefore of its forms – time and space, causality. The pure subject’s knowledge is beyond those forms, as explained by Schopenhauer, the pure knowledge is aesthetical knowledge, which goes beyond the intellect for a brief moment and by doing that reflects on the pure ideas themselves. Without taking up the discussion of Schopenhauer’s aesthetics here, we can nevertheless point out that the pure knowledge is strictly connected to this part of his philosophy.
Keywords: knowledge, pure subject of knowledge, individuation, principle of sufficient reason, representation
СТИВЪН ДЪН е роден през 1939 г. във Форест Хил, щат Ню Йорк. През 1962 г. получава бакалавърска степен по история от университетa Хофcтpа. От 1974 г. преподава в Ричард Стоктън колеж в Ню Джърси, където е заслужил професор по творческо писане. Той е автор на шестнадесет книги, включително “Pазлични часове”, която печели през 2001 г. наградата Пулицър за поезия. Негови стихотворения са публикувани в много списания, между които Атлантик, Новата република, Ню Йоркър.
Публикуваните стихове са в превод на Христина Керанова. От 2000 г. тя преподава писане, четене и английски като втори език в училища, колежи и университети в Атланта, щат Джoрджия. От 2012 г. преподава английски език в програмата за чужденци в университета в Дейтън, щат Охайо. Превежда българска и американска поезия и публикува преводи, разкази и есета в литературни списания.